1. Passive Voice (المبني للمجهول في جميع الأزمنة)

يُستخدم المبني للمجهول عندما نريد التركيز على المفعول به أو الفعل المنجز بدلاً من الفاعل:

// Basic Transformation Formula:

Active: Subject + Verb + Object

Passive: Object + [Verb 'to be' بنفس زمن الجملة] + Past Participle + (by Subject)

الزمن الأصلي (Tense)	صيغة المبني للمجهول (Passive Structure)	مثال التحويل (Active → Passive)
Present Simple	am / is / are + Past Participle	Customs officers inspect goods. → Goods are inspected by customs officers.
Past Simple	was / were + Past Participle	The committee wrote the report. → The report was written by the committee.
Present Continuous	am / is / are + being + Past Participle	They are building a hospital. → A hospital is being built.
Past Continuous	was / were + being + Past Participle	The engineer was repairing the engine. → The engine was being repaired.
Present Perfect	have / has + been + Past Participle	Police have arrested the smuggler. → The smuggler has been arrested.
Past Perfect	had + been + Past Participle	They had signed the treaty. → The treaty had been signed.
Future Simple	will + be + Past Participle	The ministry will publish results. → Results will be published.
Modals (can, must, should)	modal + be + Past Participle	We must respect copyright laws. → Copyright laws must be respected.

2. Reported Speech & Reporting Verbs (الكلام المنقول)

أسئلة نعم/لا (Yes/No Questions): نستخدم asked if أو asked whether مع حذف أدوات الاستفهام المساعدة (do, does, did) وترتيب الجملة كجملة خبرية (Subject + Verb) مع إرجاع الزمن خطوة للوراء:

Direct: "Do you understand the lesson?"
Reported: The teacher asked me if I understood the lesson.
أسئلة أدوات الاستفهام (WH-Questions): نحتفظ بأداة الاستفهام ونرتب الجملة خبرياً (Wh-word + Subject + Verb):

Direct: "Where did you find this document?"
Reported: He asked me where I had found that document.

في البكالوريا، يُطلب كثيراً استبدال الكلام المباشر بفعل إخباري دقيق:

المعنى والوظيفة	الصيغة المتبعة (Structure)	مثال من امتحانات البكالوريا
Advice (نصيحة)	advised + object + (not) to + stem	"If I were you, I wouldn't buy it." → He advised me not to buy it.
Commands / Request (أمر أو طلب)	told / ordered / asked + to + stem	"Stop writing immediately!" → The teacher ordered them to stop writing.
Suggestion (اقتراح)	suggested + Verb-ing	"Let's organize a cleanup campaign." → She suggested organizing a cleanup campaign.
Agreement (موافقة)	agreed + to + stem	"Ok, I will help you with the project." → He agreed to help me.
Apologizing (اعتذار)	apologized for + Verb-ing	"I'm sorry for arriving late." → He apologized for arriving late.
Congratulating (تهنئة)	congratulated + on + Verb-ing	"Well done, you passed the exam!" → She congratulated him on passing the exam.
Denying (إنكار)	denied + Verb-ing	"No, I did not take the money!" → The suspect denied taking the money.
Promising (وعد)	promised + to + stem	"I will call you tonight." → He promised to call me tonight.

القاعدة الهيكلية لتكوين أي سؤال في اللغة الإنجليزية:

WH-Word + Auxiliary + Subject + Verb + Rest?

1. السؤال عن الفاعل (Subject Question): لا نضع أي فعل مساعد (do / does / did)! بل نستبدل الفاعل مباشرة بـ Who (للشخص) أو What (للشيء):

Sentence: "Ancient Egyptians built the pyramids."
Question: Who built the pyramids?

2. السؤال عن المفعول به أو الفعل (Object Question): يتطلب وجوباً إدخال الفعل المساعد المناسب للزمن (do / does / did):

Sentence: "The lion eats meat."
Question: What does the lion eat?